大作文
观点类
要点：I think …，彻底倒向某种观点
一边倒结构（同意）
- 开篇：（背景句）+ 转述题目（Some people think/believe/argue/maintain that … / It is thought/believed/argued/maintained that … / It is true that… 复述题目所有意思）+ 表明观点（I completely agree with this idea.）
- 主体段 1：首先，同意的第 1 个理由
- 主体段 2：其次，同意的第 2 个理由
- 结尾：重申观点（+ 分论点）（In conclusion, 我认为…）
一边倒结构（反对）
- 开篇：（背景句）+ 转述题目 + 表明观点（I completely disagree with this idea and I believe…）
- 主体段 1：首先，反对的第 1 个理由
- 主体段 2：其次，反对的第 2 个理由
- 结尾：重申观点（+ 分论点）（In conclusion, 我认为…）
讨论类
要点：两边都讲，但是要明确自己支持哪一方
- 开篇：（背景句）+ 转述题目（While some people think that …, others believe that… / People have different views about whether … or …）+ 表明观点（我认为）
- 主体段 1：其中一方面分论点（There are several reasons why it can be argued that… / It can be argued that …）首先，… 其次，…
- 主体段 2：另外一方面的分论点（However, I would agree with those who believe that…）首先，… 其次，…（我同意的观点）
- 结尾：重申观点（+ 分论点）（In conclusion, 虽然一些人认为…，但是我认为…）
报告类
要点：原因、问题（结果）、解决办法
- 开篇：（背景句）+ 转述题目（Some people think/believe/deem/argue/maintain that … / It is thought/believed/deemed/argued/maintained that … / It is true that …）+ 主要内容（The focus of this essay is to illustrate the causes and solutions of this problem/phenomenon/issue.）
- 主体段 1：产生这个问题的原因有很多（There are many reasons for this problem.）。原因 1 + 论证；原因 2 + 论证
- 主体段 2：有一些相应的办法（To cope with this problem, some effective measures/actions/steps should be taken.）。办法 1 + 论证；办法 2 + 论证（对应上一段）
- 结尾：总结（In conclusion, …）
问题：随着 …，一些相关的问题可以被预料到：As …, several related problems can be anticipated. 问题 1 + 解释；问题 2 + 解释
混合类
要点：使用前三种结构的主体段
- 开篇：（背景句）+ 转述题目（Some people think/believe/deem/argue/maintain that … / It is thought/believed/deemed/argued/maintained that … / It is true that …）+ 主要内容（The focus of this essay is to illustrate the causes of this phenomenon.）+ 表明观点（As far as I am concerned, …）
- 主体段 1：回答第 1 个问题（对应题型主体段）
- 主体段 2：回答第 2 个问题（对应结构主题段）
- 结尾：In conclusion, 总结上文
小作文
- Introduction: The … compares/illustrates in …(转述题目所有信息)
- Summary: It is clear/noticeable that …(对比所有信息的相似性和差异性)
- Body Paragraph 1: Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that…
- Body Paragraph 2: As for …, / Moreover,…/ However,…
数据类
要点：数据越大越重要
-
动态图（数据随着时间不断变化；按照时间分段）：起始时间 + 数据 + 变化趋势 + 终点时间 + 终点数据
-
静态图（数据不随着时间变化或只变 1 次）：数据最大必须写；第二大和最小可写可不写；不大不小不能写（除非字数太少）
实用表达如下
数据变化
1. 变化趋势
- 上升、下降
- 上升 V: rise; increase; ascend; swell; go up; climb up; boom; soar
- 上升 N: rise; increase; ascent; swell; upward trend; growth; boom; soar
- 下降 V: fall; decline; decrease; reduce; go down; collapse; plunge; slump
- 下降 N: fall; decline; decrease; reduction; downward trend; slide; collapse; slump
2. 幅度表达
- 幅度大 ADV: dramatically; surprisingly; strikingly; enormously; remarkably; substantially; noticeably; considerably; significantly; obviously
- 幅度大 ADJ: dramatic; surprising; striking; enormous; remarkable; substantial; noticeable; considerable; significant; obvious
- 幅度小 ADV: moderately; slightly; steadily; gradually; slowly; minimally
- 幅度小 ADJ: moderate; slight; steady; gradual; slow; small
3. 常见句型结构
- 事物 + 方向 (V) + 幅度 (ADV)
- There is/was a 幅度 (ADJ) + 方向 (N) + in 事物
- 事物 + had/experienced a 幅度 (ADJ) + 方向 (N)
- 时间段/地点 + witness/notice/observe/see a 幅度 (ADJ) + 方向 (N) + in 事物 时间段: the period between … and … / from … to …
4. 最大值表达
- 事物 + peaked at + 数据
- 事物 + reached a peak of + 数据
- 事物 + reached a plateau at + 数据
- 事物 + arrived at a climax at + 数据
- 事物 + hit a peak at + 数据
- 事物 + reached a maximum number/amount of + 数据
- 事物 + soar/rocket to a highest point of + 数据
描述数据
- 介词短语补充数据。（from…to…, between … and…, at…, by…）rise to 上升到… / rise by 上升了…
- Birth rates have also fallen in developed countries over the past 50 years, from 2.8 children per family to 1.6.
- Over the following 5 years, the waste output of companies B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure for company A fell by approximately 1 tonne.
- By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be slightly lower, at about 25% and 23% respectively.
- 符号补充法：英语中的括号和破折号可以补充数据。
- By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of the six products.
- While girls rated activities such as art and craft highly ---- just under 60% stated that they enjoyed these in their spare time, only 35% of boys opted for creative pastimes.
- 利用 with 结构（with sb. + sth. / with sth. + sth.）
- There is a sharp increase between 6:00 and 8:00 in the morning, with 400 people using the station in the morning.
- By contrast, historic houses and monuments were visited by only 16% of the sample, while wildlife parks and zoos were the least popular of the four types of tourist attractions, with only 9% of visitors.
- 定语从句
- The second most popular activity, which attracted 80% of boys and 60% of girls, was playing electronic or computer games.
- Next came central heating ownership, which rose from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983.
- 分词可以用于补充数据。（现在分词 doing 表主动；过去分词 done 表被动）
- The second most popular activity, attracting 80% of boys and 60% of girls, was playing electronic or computer games.
- Next came central heating ownership, rising from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983.
-
百分比和分数的转换表达
26%: about a quarter; just over a quarter 33%: one third; one in three; one out of three 50%: a half 74%: around three quarters; just under three quarters
-
百分比常用句型
事物 occupy/represent/account for/constitute XXX%
The percentage/proportion of 事物 stands at/is XXX%
地图
变化前
-
X 位于 X is/lies(lay)/is located/is situated/is built in/on/to the east/west/south/north/left/right of … *in 表示 A 在 B 内；on 表示 A 和 B 相邻；to 表示 A 和 B 分开
-
A 在 B 对面 A is on the opposite side of B. A is opposite B.
-
在附近 Be close to; be near to; be in proximity of; be in close proximity to
-
在中间 Be halfway between… and…; exactly/roughly in the middle of 变化后
-
原来的 The original/ previous/ former …
变化后
-
X 消失 X disappeared/was removed.
-
A 变成 B A became B. A was replaced/substituted by B. A gave way to B. A was transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/turned over/changed to/into B.
-
新增加 A newly built … is/lies(lay)/is located/is situated/is built in/on/to the east/west/south/north/left/right of … A new … was added to … A new … was built/set up/constructed/completed and opened … The year 2000 saw two additions to the village: a pond in the northern part and a vegetable garden on the opposite side.
-
X 的面积变大/小 The size of X was extended/enlarged/reduced. The size of X doubled/halved.
流程图
实用表达 表顺序 The first stage involves… In the next stage,… In the following stage,… In the last stage,… Subsequently,… Firstly,… Secondly,… Then,… Finally,… 表时间 At the same time, Simultaneously, During… In the course of… Before this,… After this,… 表结果 Consequently,… As a result,… … so that … 表目的 The first step is to… The next step is to … The last step is to … … in order (not) to… … in order that … … so as (not) to…